CALL OFF:Cancel an event.
eg.)The football match was called off because of the bad weather.
CALL BACK:Telephone again later.
eg.)Thank you for ringing. I’ll call you back as soon as I have the information that you want.
CALL UP:Ring up, telephone.
eg.)Alper called up me to learn the date of the exams.
CALL UP:CONSCRIPT.
eg.)Men over eighteen years of age were called up the fight the enemy
in the war.
CALL BY:To make a short visit to a place or person.
eg.)I’ll call by to pick up the book on my way to work.
CALL FOR:Require, demand.
eg.)The situation calls for tact.
eg.)You have got the job!This calls for a celebration.
CARE FOR:To look after sb.
eg.)Who cared for her while she was ill.?
CARRY OFF:To succeed in doing sth difficult.
eg.)He felt nervous before he started his speech but he carried it off
very well.
CARRY ON:To continue, do not stop.
eg.)How long id the party carry on after I left?
eg.)She intends to carry on studying after the course has finished.
eg.)I hope you will carry on doing these exercises.
CARRY ON WITH+NOUN is used similarly.
eg.)The doctor told her to carry on with the treatment.
eg.)I’m too tired to carry on with this tonight.
CARRY OUT: Perform (duties), obey (orders, instructions), fulfil (therats), execute.
eg.)Soldiers must carry out their orders.
eg.)It will be difficult, but we shall carry out your instructions.
eg.)He read the instructions, but he didn’t carry them out.
CARRY OVER:Transfer ( to the next page).
eg.)Take the last figure on this page and carry it over to the top of the next page.
CATCH UP:Reache, come abreas of / overtake, but not pass.
eg.)They’ve just left. If you hurry, you’ll catch them up.
eg.)I started last in the race but I soon caught up with the others.
eg.)You’ve missed whole term; you’ll have to work hard to cath up with the rest of the class.
CLEAN (STH ) UP:1-)To remove all the dirt from a place that is paricularly dirty.
eg.)I’m going to clean up the kitchen before mum and dad get back.
2-) To remove sth that has just been spilled.
eg.)Oh no!!! You’ve spilled coffee on the new carpet! Can you clean it up?
CLEAN (STH) OUT:To clean the inside of sth thoroughly.
eg.)I’m going to clean out all the kitchen cupboards next week.
CLEAR AWAY:1-)Remove articles, usually in order to make space.
eg.)Could you clear away these papers.
2-)Disperse.
eg.)The clouds soon cleared away and it became quite warm.
CLEAR OFF(INFORMAL):(Used especially as an order)To go away.
eg.)”Clear off.” Shouted the farmer, “you’re on my land.”
CLEAR(STH)OUT:To tidy sth and throw away things that you don’t want.
eg.)I really must clear out the kitchen cupboards.
CLEAR UP:1-) Become fine after clouds or rain.
eg.)The sky looks a bit clody now but I think it will clear up.
2-)Make tidy and clean.
eg.)Don’t warn me! I’ll clear up my room.
3-)Solve(a mystery).
4-)Finish.
eg.)I have some letters which I must clear up before I leave tonight.
CLOSE(STH)DOWN:To stop all business or work permanently, at a shop or factory.
eg.)The factory has had to close down because of the recession.
eg.)Health inspectors have closed the restaurant down.
CLOSE IN(ON SB\STH):To come nearer and gradually surround sb\sth, especially in order to attack.
eg.)The army is closing in on the enemy troops.
eg.)As the mist was closing in we decided to stay where we were.
CLOSE UP:Come nearer together(of people in a line).
COME ABOUT:To happen.
eg.)How did this situation come about?
COME ACROSS/UPON:Find by chance, meet by chance.
eg.)I came across this book in a secondary shop.
eg.)When I was looking for my password, I came across these old photograps.
COME ACROSS/OVER:To make an impression of a particular type.
eg.)Alper comes across as being rather shy.
COME BACK:1-)To return.
eg.)I don’t know what time I’ll be coming back.
2-)To become popular or fashionable again.
eg.)Flard trowers are coming back again.
COME BACK(TO SB):To be remembered.
eg.)When I went to England again, my English started to come back.
COME BEFORE SB/STH:To be more important than sb/ath else.
eg.)Göksar feels his family comes before his career.
COME BETWEEN SB/STH:To damage the relationship between two people.
eg.)Arguements over money came between Alper and Mustafa.
COME BY STH:,To get sth.
eg.)Fresh vegetables are hatd to come by in the winter.
COME ALONG:To arrive or appear.
eg.)An old man was coming along the road.
COME APART:To break into pieces.
eg.)This old coat is coming apart at the seams.
COME AWAY(FROM STH):To become loose or unfastened.
eg.)The cover of the book is coming away.
COME AWAY WITH STH:To leave a place with a particular opinion or feeling.
eg.)We came away with a very favourable impression of O.D.T.Ü.
COME DOWN:1-)To fall down.
eg.)The power lines came down in the storm.
2-)To land.(for a plane…etc…)
eg.)The helicopter came down in a field.
3-)To become lower.
eg.)The price of land has come down in the past year.
COME DOWN TO STH\TO DOING STH(INFORMAL):
To have as the main feature or most important fact.
eg.)It all comes down to having the right qualifications.
COME DOWN TO STH:To reach down a particular point.
eg.)Her hair comes down to her waist.
COME DOWN WITH STH:To become ill with sth.
eg.)I think I’m coming down with flu.
COME FORWARD:To offer help.
eg.)The police asked witnesses to come forward.
COME IN:ENTER.
eg.)Someone knocked at my door and I said, “come in”.
COME OFF:1-)Succeed, of a plan or scheme(used in negative).
eg.)I’m afraid that scheme of yours won’t come off.It needs more capital than you have avaible.
2-)Take place; happen as arranged.
eg.)When is the weeding coming off?
COME OUT:1-)Be revealed, exposed.
eg.)They decided eveybody till they quarrelled among themselves; then one
publicly denounced the others and the whole truth came out.
2-)Be published(of books).
eg.)Her new novel will be coming out in time.
3-)Disappear(of stains).
eg.)Tomato stains don’t usually come out.
COME ROUND:1-)Finally accept a previously opposed suggestion.
eg.)Her father at first refused to let her study abroad but he came round in the end.
2-)Come to home.
eg.)I’ll come round after dinner and tell you the plan.
COME UP:1-)To appear above the soil.
2-)To rise.
3-)To be about to happen in the future.
eg.)I have an important meeting coming up next week.
4-)To be discussed.
eg.)The subject of religion came up.
eg.)The question of the caretaker’s wages came up at the last meeting.
CROP UP:Appear, arrive unexpectedly or by accident.
eg.)Some problems have cropped up that we weren’t expecting.
CUT DOWN:1-)To make sth fall down by cutting it.
eg.)If you cut down all the trees, you will ruin the land.
2-)Reduse in size or amount.
CUT ACROSS STH:To go beyond the limits of.
eg.)The qıestion of aid for the eartquake victims cuts across national boundaries.
CUT IN:Slip into traffic line ahead of another car when there isn’t room to do this safely.
eg.)Traffic accidents are often caused by drivers cutting in.
CUT SB\STH OFF:To stop the supply of sth to sb.
eg.)If you don’t pay your gas bill, they’ll cut you off.
CUT SB OFF:To stop or interrupt sb’s telephone conversations.
eg.)We were cut off before I could give her my message.
CUT OUT:1-)To remove sth or to form sth into a particular shape by cutting.
eg.)She cuts out a dress from a piece of cloth.
2-)(informal)(often in orders)To stop saying or doing sth.
eg.)Cut that out and leave me alone!
CUT STH UP:To cut sth into small pieces with a knife, etc…
DIE AWAY:To slowly become weaker before stopping or disappearing.
eg.)The sound of the engine died away as the car drove into the distance.
eg.)They waited till the sound of the guard’s footsteps died away.
DIE DOWN:To slowly become less strong.
eg.)The building burnt fiercely all night but slowly the flames died down towards morning.
DIE OUT:Become extinct.
eg.)Elephants and eagles would die out if men could shoot as many as they wished.
eg.)The use of horses on farms has almost died out in this country.
DO AWAY WITH:Abolish. To get rid of sth.
eg.)Most European countries have done away with their roval families.
eg.)The government should do away with the regulations restricting drinking hours.
eg.)They have done away with trams in Ankara.
DO UP:Fasten, button, zip, tie, redecorate.
eg.)Do up your overcoat!
eg.)When I do this room up. I’ll paint the walls cream.
DO WITHOUT:To manage without having sth.
eg.)If there isn’t any coffee left, we’ll just let have to do without.
eg.)We had to do without petrol during he fuel crisis.
eg.)You must do without my help tomarrow as I won’t be here.
DO WITH:(often with could)
eg.)I could do without a drink.
DRAW BACK:Retire, recoil.
eg.)It’s too late to draw back now; the plas are all made.
DRAW UP:To drive up and stop in front of near sth.
eg.)A police car drew up outside the building.
eg.)The car drew up at the kerb and the driver got out.
DRAW ON:APPROACH.
eg.)The days become shorter as winter draws on.
DROP IN:Pay a short, very informal visit/ to visit somebody informally or without having told them you were coming.
eg.)We were in the area so we thought we’d drop in and see you.
eg.)Drop in for a cup of tea and a chat one day.
eg.)I’ll drop in to see you, one day next week.
DROP OUT(INFORMAL):Withdraw/ retire from a scheme or plan of the race.
eg.)One of the runners hurt his leg and dropped out of the race.
eg.)His injury forced him to drop out of the competition.
DROP OFF(INFORMAL):Become less, decrease/ to fall into a light sleep.
eg.)Alper and Onur must have dropped off in front of the monitor of the computer.
eg.)They were very keen on television at first but their interest has dropped off lately.
ENTER FOR:Become a competitor/condidate.
eg.)Two millions people have entered for the university.
ENTER INTO STH:To start to think or talk about sth.
eg.)I don’t want to enter into details now.
FADE AWAY:To disppear slowly.
eg.)The cheering of the crowd faded away.
eg.)The smile faded away from his face.
FALL APART:To break into pieces.
eg.)My uncle’s car falled apart.
FALL BEHIND:Slip into the near through inability to keep up with the others, fall to keep up an agreed rate of payments.
eg.)He fell behind with his rent and the landlord began to become impatient
FALL IN WITH:Meet by chance.
eg.)Yesterday, I fell in with a man who was at school with my father.
FALL OUT:QUARREL.
eg.)Let’s not fall out over such a little thing.
FALL ON:Attack violently.
eg.)The starving men fell on the food.
BE FED UP WITH:Be completely bored.
eg.)I’m fed up with the cold weather.
eg.)I’m fed up with wathing TV.
FILL STH IN:To complate a form, etc…by writing information on it.
eg.)The secretary asked:”Could you fill in the application, please?”
FILL STH UP:To become or to make sth completely full.
eg.)There weren’t many people at first, but then the room filled up.
FIND OUT:To get some information by asking or studying.
eg.)Have you found out how much the tickets cost?
FIND SB OUT:To discover that sb has done sth wrong.
eg.)He used a false name for years before they found him out.
FINISH SB/STH OFF:(INFORMAL):To kill sb/sth.
eg.)The cat pounced and finished off the mouse.
eg.)He was losing his job that really finished him off.
FISH FOR STH:To Try to get sth you want in an indirecgt way.
FIT SB\STH IN:To find time to see sb or to do sth.
eg.)The doctor managed to fit me in this morning.
eg.)You’re tired because you’re trying to fit too much into one day.
FIX SB UP:(informal)To arrange for sb to have sth.
eg.)I can fix you up with a job, a car, a place tostay, etc…
FIZZLE OUT:To end in a weak or disappointing way.
eg.)The game started well but it fizzled out in the second half.
FLARE UP:1-)(USED ABOUT A FIRE)To suddenly burn more fiercely.
2-)(used about violence, anger, a person’s temper, etc…)To start suddenly or become worse.
FLASH BACK:To return suddenly to a time in the past.
eg.)Sth he said made my mind flash back to my childhood.
FLOOD IN:To arrive in large numbers.
eg.)Entries for the competition have been flooding in.
FOIST STH ON:To force sb to accept sth that he\she doesn’t want.
FOLLOW STH THROUGH:To continue doing sth until it’s finished.
FOOL ABOUT/AROUND:To behave in a silly way.
eg.)Stop fooling around with that knife or someone will get hurt!
FORGE AHEAD:To go forward very quickly; to move into the leading position.
eg.)The cleverest pupils should be allowed to forge ahead. FRESHEN UP:To make sth cleaner.
FROST OVER/UP:To become covered with frast.
eg.)The window has frosted over.
FROWN ON/UPON STH:To think that is not good; to disapprove.
eg.)Smoking is very much frowned upon these days.
GAIN IN STH:To get more of sth.
eg.)He’s gained in confidence in the past year.
GANG UP ON SB:To join together with other people in order to act againist sb.
eg.)She felt that all har friends were ganging up on her.
GEAR STH TO:To make sth suitable for a particular purpose.
eg.)There is a special course geared towards the older learner.
GET ABOUT/AROUND:To move or travel to many places.
eg.)The U.S.A. this week, Japan next week, you certainly get around.
GET STH ACROSS:To succeed in making people understand sth.
eg.)The party failed to get its policies across to the voters.
GET AWAY:To succeed in leaving or escaping from sb or a place.
eg.)He kept talking to me and I couldn’t get away from him.
eg.)The thieves got away in a stolen car.
GET AWAY WITH STH/WITH DOING STH :To do sth bad and not be punished for it.
eg.)He lied but he got away with it.
eg.)I don’t know how they get away with charging such high prices.
GET BACK:To return to the place where you live or work.
eg.)When did you get back from Ankara?
GET BACK TO SB:To speak to, write to or phone sb later, especially in order to give an answer or deal with sth.
eg.)I’ll get back to you when I’ve got some more information.
GET BEHIND(WITH STH):To fail to do or produce sth on time.
eg.)We got behind with our rent.
GET SB DOWN:To make sb miserable.
eg.)These cold winter days get me down.
GET STH DOWN:To make a note of sth, to write sth down.
eg.)Did you get the address for the competition down.
GET IN:To reach a place.
eg.)What time does your train get in?
GET STH IN:To manage to find an opportunity to say or do sth.
eg.)He talked all the time and I couldn’t get a word in.
GET OFF:Be acquitted or receive no punishment.
eg.)The boy had to appear before a magistrate but he got off as it was his first offence.
GET ON:1-)To progress or become succesful in life, in a career, etc…
eg.)After leaving the university, my causing was determinated to get on.
2-)To be getting old.
eg.)He’s getting on, he’s over 60.
3-)To be getting late.
eg.)Time is getting old.
GET ON/ALONG:1-)To make progress.
eg.)How are you getting on in your course?
2-)To perform in a particular way or to have a good or bad experience in a particular situation.
eg.)How did you get on at your interview?
GET ON/ONTO STH:To climb onto sth.
eg.)I couldn’t get onto the bus, because it was full.
GET ON FOR:To approach a certain time or age.
eg.)I’m not sure how old he is but he must be getting on for 50.
GET OUT:Escape from, leave.
eg.)My grandmother is very old, so she doesn’t get out of the house much.
GET OVER STH:1-)To overcome a problem.
eg.)We’ll have to get over the problem of finding somewhere to live first.
2-)To recover from sth unpleasant, or from an illness.
eg.)He still hasn’t got over his wife’s death.
eg.)It took her a long time to get over her operation.
eg.)I can’t get over how rude he was.
GET UP:Organize, arrange.
eg.)They got up a concert in aid of concert research.
GET UP:Rise from bed.
eg.)I get up at seven o’clock every morning.
GIVE SB AWAY:To go with the bride into the church and officially give
her to the bridegroom during the marriage ceremony. eg.)Her father gave her away.
GIVE BACK:Restore a thing to its owner.
eg.) I must call at the library to give back this book.
GIVE IN:Admit defaat, yield.
eg.)Everyone said I was wrong so I gave in to their options.
eg.)The problem was too difficult for me. I had to give in.
GIVE UP:Cease, stop.
eg.)My father gave up cigarettes six months ago.
eg.)It’s hard to give up and old habbit.
GIVE UP:Surrender, abandon.
eg.)The wanted man gave himself up tp the police.
eg.)Our old house was too far away from town, so we gave up living in it.
GIVE OFF:Exude(of smells)
eg.)The liquid in the bottle game off a strong smell of almonds.
eg.)When water is heated, it gives off stream.
GIVE OUT:Become exhausted.
eg.)The gold in the mine gave out evebtually.
eg.)He struggled againist the bear until his strength gave out.
GIVE OUT:Distribute.
eg.)At the new hospital, they give out free medicine to everbody.
eg.)A boy stood at the door giving out programmes to the visitors.
GLANCE OFF(STH):To hit sb at an angle and move off again in another direction.
eg.)The ball glanced off the goalpost and into the net.
GLAZE OVER:(used about the eyes)To show no interest or expression.
GLORY IN STH:To take pleasure or pride in sth.
eg.)He gloried in his sporting success.
GO AGAINIST STH:To be opposed to or opposite to sth/not to be in agreement with sth.
eg.)It goes againist my principles to use violence.
GO AHEAD:Proceed, continue.
eg.)You go ahead and I’ll follow; I’m not quite ready.
GO AWAY:1-)To leave the place where you live for a period of time of at least one night.
eg.)We’re going away this weekend and we’ll be back on Sunday evening.
2-)To disappear.
eg.)I’ve tried to remove the stain in the carpet, but it won’t go away.
GO BACK:Return, retire, retreat.
eg.)I’m never going back to that hotel. It’s the most uncomfortable.
GO DOWN:1-)(used about a ship, etc…)To sink.
2-)(used about the sun)To disappear from the sky.
3-)To become later in price, level, etc…; to fall.
eg.)The price of these computers has gone down in the last years.
eg.)The number of people out of work went down last month.
GO DOWN WITH STH:To catch an illness; to become ill with sth.
eg.)Ten of our staf have gone down with flu.
GO FOR SB:To attack somebody.
eg.)The cat went for the dog and chased it out of the hall.
GO FOR SB/STH:To be true for a particular person or thing.
eg.)We’ve got financial problems but I suppose the same goes for a great many people.
GO IN:1-)Enter.
2-)(used about the sun)To disappear behind a cloud.
GO OFF:Explode(by itself), fire(by itself)like a gun.
eg.)A bomb has gone off in the city center.
GO OFF:Become stale, begin to root.
eg.)This egg has gone off.
GO OFF:To make a sudden loud noise.
eg.)I woke up when my alarm clock went off.
GO ON:Cease, continue.
eg.)Please go on with your game.
eg.)This is a difficult problem but it won’t go on forever.
GO OUT:Stop shining, stop burning.
eg.)The fire has gone out and I’m cold.
eg.)We saw a sudden flash and the lights went out.
GO OUT:Leave the house.
eg.)Mum!I’m going out.
GO OVER STH:To look at, think about or discuss sth carefully from beginning to end.
eg.)Go over your work before you hand it in.
GO ROUND:1-)SUFFICE.
eg.)Will there be enough wine to go round?
2-)Go to his/her…etc…house.
eg.)I said that I’d go round and see her during the weekend.
GO THROUGH:To be completed succesfully.
eg.)The deal went through as agreed.
GO THROUGH WITH STH:To do sth unpleasant or difficult that you have decided, agreed or threatened to do.
eg.)Do you think she’ll go through with her threat to leave him?
GO TOWARDS STH:To be used as part of the payment for sth.
eg.)The money, I was given for my birthday went towards my new bike.
GO UNDER:1-)To sink below the surface of water.
2-)(informal)(used about a company)To go out of business.
eg.)A lot of firms are going under in the recession.
GO UP:1-)To start burning suddenly and strongly.
eg.)The car crashed into a wall and went up in flames.
2-)To become higher in price, level, amount, etc…
eg.)Petrol has gone up again.
eg.)The birth rate has gone up by 10%
GO WITHOUT STH:To manage without having sth.
eg.)They went without sleep many nighs when the baby was ill.
GRASP AT STH:To try to seize or grasp sth.
eg.)He grasped at the swinging rope, but missed.
GROW INTO STH:1-)To become.
eg.)She has grown into a very attractive child.
2-)To become big enough to fit clothes, etc…
eg.)The coat is too big for him, but he will soon grow into it.
GROW UP:To become mature or adult.
eg.)What do you want to be when you grow up?
GROW OUT OF:Abandon, on becoming older, a childish habit.
eg.)He used to tell a lot of lies as a young boy but he grew out of that letter on.
GUARD AGAINIST STH:To try to prevent sth or stop sth happening.
eg.)A good diet helps to guard againist disease.
GUN SB DOWN:(INFORMAL)To shoot sb and kill or seriously injure him\her.
HAND IN:To give sth to sb in authority.
eg.)I found a wallet and handed it in to the police.
eg.)She handed in her resignation.
HAND ON:To send or give sth to another person.
eg.)When you have read the article, please hand it on to Pınar.
HAND OUT:To give sth to many people in a group.
eg.)Food was handed out to the starving people.
HAND OVER:Surrender authority or respobsibility to another.
eg.)The Outgoing Minister handed over his department to his successor.
HAND ROUND:To give or show to each person present.
eg.)The hostess handed round coffee and cakes.
HANG ABOUT/AROUND:To stay in or near a place not doing very much.
eg.)I really hate hanging around in airports.
HANG BACK:To show unwillingness to act.
eg.)Everyone approved off the scheme but when we asked for volunteers, they all hung back.
HANG STH OUT:To put washing, etc. on a clothesline, so that it, car dry.
HAVE(GOT)STH ON:1-)To be wearing sth.
eg.)She’s got a green jumper on.
eg.)What did the man on?
2-)(infomal)To have an arrangement to do sth.
eg.)I have got nothing on, on Monday.
HEAD FOR:To move towards a place. eg.)I think it’s time to head for home.
HEAD FROM SB:To receive a letter, telephone call, etc… from sb.
HELP(SB)OUT:To help sb in a difficult situation or to give money to help sb.
eg.)My parents have promised to help us out with buying the car.
HEM SB IN:To surround sb and prevent him/her from moving away.
eg.)We were hemmed in by the crowd and couldn’t leave.
HINGE ON STH:To depend on sth.
eg.)The future of the project hinges on the meeting today.
HIT BACK:To attack(with words)sb who attacked you.
eg.)The Prime Minister of Türkiye hit back at his crities.
HOLD ON:WAIT.
eg.)Operator:Mr.Çevik’s line is engaged, will you hold on please?
eg.)Hold on! I’ll be with you in a minute.
HOLD OUT:Resist, survive.
eg.)Although they hadn’t eaten or slept for a week the regiment held out for three more days.Because they were Turks.
HOLD UP:Rob(using weapons)
eg.)Three masked men with pistols held up a bank yesterday.
HOLD OFF:Keep at distance, stay away.
eg.)The rain fortunately held off till after the school sports day.
HOOK(SB)UP:To link one television station with another.
eg.)The TRT is hooked up with NTV.
HOT UP:(informal)To become more exciting, with more things happening.
eg.)The election compaign has really hotted up in the past few days.
HURRY UP:(informal)To move or do sth quickly.
eg.)Hurry up, or we’ll miss the train.
HUSH STH UP:To stop people knowing about sth;to keep sth secret.
eg.)The police managed to hush up the whole affair.
ICE OVER:To cover become covered with ice.
eg.)The windscreen of the car had iced over in the night.
IDENTIFY WITH SB:To feel that you undersand and share what sb else is feeling.
eg.)I found it hard to identify with the woman in the film.
INQUIRE AFTER SB:To ask about sb’s health.
JOIN IN:To take a part in an activity.
eg.)She wouldn’t join in when everbody else playing basketball.
JOIN UP:To become a member of the army, navy or air force.
eg.)When the war was declared he joined up first.
JOT STH DOWN:To make a quick short note of sth.
eg.)Let me jot down your address.
JUMP AT STH:To accept an opportunity, offer,etc eagerly.
eg.)They asked me if I’d like to go on holiday with them and jumped at it.
JUT OUT:To stand out from sth.
eg.)Rocks that jut out into the sea.
KEEL OVER:To fall over sideways.
eg.)Several people keeled over in the heat.
KEEP STH DOWN:To make sth remain at a low level, to stop sth increasing.
eg.)Keep of your voice down.
eg.)The government is trying to keep prices down.
KEEP OFF STH:Not approach or go on sth.
eg.)Keep off the grass!
KEEP ON:To continue doing sth.
eg.)He keeps on interrupting me.
KEEP OUT:Not enter sth.
eg.)The sign said “Danger!Keep out!”
KEEP UP:To move at the same speed as sb.
eg.)Can’t you walk a bit slower?I can’t keep up.
KEEP UP:To know about what is happening.
eg.)You have to read the latest magazines if you want to keep up.
KICK OFF:To start a game of football.
KNOCK ABOUT/AROUND:(informal)To be in a place.
eg.)I’m sure last week’s newspaper is knocking around here somewhere.
eg.)I spent a few months knocking around Europe before I went to the university.
KNOCK OFF(INFORMAL):To stop doing work, etc…
eg.)What time do you knocked off?
KNOCK SB OUT:1-)To hit sb so that he/she becomes unconscious or cannot get up again for a while.
eg.)The punch on the nose knocked him out.
KNOCK OVER:To cause sb/sth to fall over.
eg.)Be careful not to knock over the drinks.
LASH OUT:To suddenly attack with sb/sth.
eg.)When he came home drunk his wife lashed out at him.
LAUGH AT SB/STH:To show by laughing that you think sb/ath is funny.
eg.)The children laughed at the clown.
LEAD UP TO SB:To be an introduction to or cause of sth.
eg.)What were the events that led up to the first world war.?
LEAVE OFF:Stop.
eg.)Leave off making that noise.
LET ON:Reveal.
eg.)Don’t let on to anyone that we are going out.
LET OFF:Discharge.
eg.)It was new year’s evening and people were letting off fireworks in the street.
LET OFF:Allow someone to go unpunished.
eg.)As he had never been in trouble before the judge let him off with a warning.
eg.)You have apologized for breaking the window, so I’ll let you off this time.
LET IN FOR:CAUSE.
eg.)I’m afarid your absence lets me in for a lot extra work.
eg.)Be careful!Don’t let yourself in for anything unpleasant.
LET UP:Relent, relax.
eg.)The storm started this morning and hasn’t let up all day.
eg.)We have almost finshed, don’t let up yet.
LET DOWN:Break a promise, cause disappointment.
eg.)He promised to meet me here at ten, but he has let me down again.
eg.)We have been partners for thirty years and have never let each other down.
LIVE STH DOWN:To make people forget sth bad or embarrassing that has happened to you.
eg.)They lost 10-nil?They’ll never live it down.
LIVE ON:To continue to live.
eg.)After his retirement he lived on for another 25 years.
eg.)Pir Sultan Abdal is dead, but his music lives on.
LIVE UP TO STH:To be as good as expected.
eg.)Children sometimes find it hard to live up to their parents’ expectations.
LOCK STH AWAY:To keep sth in a safe or secret place.
LOCK UP:Lock all the doors.
LOCK SB UP:To put sb in a prison.
eg.)All the prisoners are locked for the nights.
LOOK AFTER:Take care of.
eg.)Who looks after the baby while you’re away.
LOOK FOR:Try to find sth.
eg.)I’ve lost my watch. I must look for it.
LOOK INTO:Investigate.
eg.)The police look into all kinds of crime.
LOOK LIKE:Resemble.
eg.)Little Alper looks like her uncle.
LOOK ON:Watch without taking part.
eg.)Help me.Don’t just look like on while I’m trying to lift this sack.
LOOK OUT:Mind, be careful.
eg.)Look out for holes in the road surface.
LOOK TO:Expect from.
eg.)I’m the head so naturally the staff look to me for help and advice.
LOOK AHEAD:To think about or plan for the future.
eg.)Looking ahead a few years, there is going to be a shortage of skilled workers.
LOOK BACK:To think about sth in the past.
LOOK UP:To raise your eyes.
eg.)She looked up and smiled.
LOOK UP:To improve.
eg.)The computer online is looking up day by day.
MAKE FOR:Go(or come)towards.
eg.)This ship is making for Karşıyaka.
eg.)The mad dog made for me, so I made off.
MAKE UP:Use cosmetics.
eg.)Television actors have to make up very carefully.
MAKE UP:Fabricate, compose.
eg.)She knew she would be late, so she began making up her excuse.
eg.)Do you like song? I made it up myself.
MAKE UP INTO:We buy sugar in bulk and make it up into kilo packets
before selling it.
MAKE UP FOR:Compesate for.
eg.)A few days holiday will make up for the extra work you did last week.
MAKE UP TO:Flatter, try to find favour(with).
eg.)The cat is making up to me, hoping to get more milk.
MAKE OFF WITH:Run away(with).
eg.)The thief made off with my wallet.
MAKE OUT:Discern,(by sight, by hearing, understanding)
eg.)He speaks so fast I can’t make out what he says.
eg.)Can you make out this word? It’s badly written.
MAKE OUT:Prepare an account, bill, cheque.
eg.)Make your cheque out to “ESER UMAN MUSIC CENTER”
MAKE OVER:Transfer property.
eg.)When my uncle retired he made the firm over to my cousin.
MAKE DO(WITH):Manage as well as one can(with).
eg.)There are no means of cooking anything today so please make do with a sandwich for lunch. MAKE UP ONE’S MIND:Decide, form a firm opinion.
eg.)I can’t give you an answer immediately, -I need a few days to make up my mind whether to say “yes, or no”.
MIX UP:Confuse.
eg.)He mixed up the addresses so that no one got the right letters.
Muck abo
MUCK ABOUT/AROUND:To behave in a silly way or to waste the time.
eg.)Stop mucking around and come and help me.
POINT OUT:To direct attenttion to sth. Indicate, show.
I’d like to point out that we haven’t got much time to play baskatball.
PUT STH ACROSS/OVER:To say sth clearly, so that people can understand it.
eg.)He didn’t put his ideas across very well at the meeting.
PUT BACK:To return sth to its place.
eg.)He put books back on the shelf.
PUT BACK:To change the time shown on a clock, etc.. to an earlier time.
eg.)We have put the clocks back tonigt.
PUT STH FORWARD: To change the time shown on a clock, etc to a later time.
eg.)We put the clocks in sprig.
PUT BY:Save, not spend.
eg.)I have put by a little money for my old age.
PUT OUT:Extinguish.
eg.)Please put out the light before you go to sleep.
PUT OUT:Embarrass.
eg.)The young man’s tactless questions put me out.
PUT OFF:Postpone.
eg.)We are very busy at the office, I must put off my holiday for a while.
PUT UP:Lodge, find a bed.
eg.)When I am in London I usually put up at my uncle’s house.
eg.)My uncle. puts me up in Havza.
PUT UP WITH:Bear, stand, endure, suffer.
eg.)He is very rude. I can’t put up with his bad manners.
eg.)Can you put up with the pain?My dentist asked me.
PUT OFF:Cause to dislike, repel.
eg.)It’s the smell that puts me off beer.
eg.)The title of the film put me off and I never went to see it.
REVEL IN DOING STH:To enjoy sth very much.
eg.)He likes being famous and revels in the attention he gets.
RIG STH UP:To make sth quickly.
eg.)We tried to rig up a shelter, using our rugs and coats.
RING BACK:To phone sb again.
RUN OUT OFF:Have no more.
eg.)We’ve run out of sugar so we can’t have tea today.
BE RUN DOWN:Weak, not well.
eg.)The doctor says I’m run down and need a holiday.
RUN DOWN:Speak ill of someone.
eg.)She’s always running someone down but never to anyone’s face.
STAND BY:Be present but take no action.
eg.)Would you sand by while someone set fire to your house?
STAND BY:Support someone.
eg.)Don’t be afraid to speak to the boss…we’ll all stand by you.
STAND BY:Be present in case one is needed.Act as reserve.
eg.)We shall need six men to sail the boat and to to stand by.
STAND FOR:signify, represent.
eg.)The leters U.N.O. stand for United Nations Organisation.
STAND FOR:Offer oneself as a candidate.
eg.)Is mr. Çevik standing for chairman? I shall stand for parliament next year.
SET ABOUT:Make a start.
eg.)M.Ali would like to join a club but doesn’t know how to set about it.
SET OFF:Ornament, embellish.
eg.)She wore a plain black hat set off with a little bunch of violets.
SET OUT:Display arrange in good order.
eg.)A shopkeeper sets out his goods to attract customers.
eg.)Public speakers and writers should seet out their points in logical sequence.
SET UP:Establish, form.
eg.)The government has set up a committee.
eg.)I should like to set up my own business.
TAKE AFTER:Be like resemble.
eg.)M.Ali takes after his father in character.
TAKE IN:Cheat, deceive.
eg.)You can’t take me in with your stories of green horses and castles in Spain.
TAKE ON:Engage.
eg.)Tell the champion I’ll take him on for $50000.
TAKE OFF:Leave the ground.
eg.)Aeroplanes take off and all day at this busy airport.
TAKE OFF:Imitate in order to ridicule.
eg.)Have you heard Alper taking off the Prime Minister?He is really funny.
TAKE TO:Feel a liking for.
eg.)I took to this country on my very first day here.
TAKE UP:Begin to occupy oneself with.
eg.)I must take up tennis again.
TAKE OVER:Replace, act in place of.
eg.)At ten o’clock M.Ali takes over from the captain.
eg.)The captain takes over again from ESER UMAN in the morning.
TURN OUT:Result.
eg.)I’ve never made a cake before but this one has turned out very well.
eg.)Don’t worry, eveything will turn out all right.
TURN OUT 
roduce.
eg.)Our factory turns out five hundred cars eveyday.
TURN OUT:Clothe, dress.
eg.)Mr.Çörüş always turns her children out very clear and tidy.
TURN DOWN:Reject.
eg.)The manager turned down my request for a day off.
TURN UP:Appear when not expected.
eg.)We were surprised. Gökhan turned up at the party last night.
WEAR OUT:Wear until useless.
eg.)These old shoes are still very good. Perhaps I’ll never wear them out.
WORK OUT:Reckon.
eg.)How much is ¼ of 268?Work out the answer in your mind.
WORK OUT:Prepare.
eg.)Have you worked out a timetable for the gymnasium yet.
WRITE OFF:Declare it valueless.
eg.)Eser’s car was so badly damaged that the insurance company simply wrote it off.
Alper Çevik 2000
alpce@hotmail.com
HIS FAMILY & CHILDHOOD
He was born in 1881 in Salonica, then an Ottoman city, now in Greece. His father Ali Riza, a customs official turned lumber merchant, died when Mustafa was still a boy. His mother Zubeyde, a devout and strong-willed woman, raised him and his sister. First enrolled in a traditional religious school, Mustafa soon switched to a modern one. In 1893, he entered a military high school where his mathematics teacher gave him the second name Kemal, which means perfection, in recognition of young Mustafa’s superior achievement. He was thereafter known as Mustafa Kemal.
MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK
On a day of 1881, a male child was born in a pink house located at the district of Ahmet Subaşı, city of Salonika, which is inside Greek boundaries today.
Father Ali Rıza whispered the name of the child to his ear. “MUSTAFA.”
Before Mustafa ,Zübeyde Hanım and Ali Rıza Bey had three children named Fatma,Ömer and Ahmet. When Mustafa was born none of those children were alive.
Mother Zübeyde Hanım was a pretty Turkmen woman strictly devoted to religious beliefs.The ancestors of Zübeyde Hanım were known as a branch of Turkmen tribe. They immigrated from Anatolia to Rumelia during the conquest of Rumelia by the Ottomans and settled in Sarıgöl subdistrict located west of the Vodina district in west Makedonia. It is thought that this tribe came there from Konya or Aydın provinces of Anatolia.
Father Ali Rıza was a resident of Salonika and his father was Ahmet Efendi .His uncle Hafız Ahmet Efendi, a teacher in the district school, was nicknamed as “Red Hafız Efendi” because of his red beard.
At the time, Father Ali Rıza was working as a customs officer. Later, he quit and established a partnership with a timber trader Cafer Efendi. He was also involved with brine trading for some time. Ali Rıza passed away at the young age of 47. What were left from Ali Rıza Bey to Zübeyde was two mecidiyes (40 kuruş) idow salary,7 year old Mustafa and his sister Makbule.
SCHOOL YEARS
Mustafa started school while his father was still alive. Ali Rıza Bey’s desire was to send Mustafa to the newly-opened Şemsi Efendi school so that he would get a contemporary education although Zübeyde Hanım wanted him to attend a traditional school where mostly prayers and hymns were taught. This caused arguments inside the family and eventually a concensus was reached. Mustafa put on his brand new clothes , grabbed his embroidered bag with the Holy Koran inside and started the traditional school, following his mother’s wish, with a traditional ceremony accompanied with prayers and hymns. However, just a few days later, he changed his mind and started Şemsi Efendi school.
In this way, he managed to make both Zübeyde Hanım and Ali Rıza Bey happy. Mustafa Kemal had to be indebted to his father for it was him who opened his son’s path with modern and contemporary ideas. However, unfortunately Ali Rıza Bey would not be able to see the success of his son Mustafa “RISING OVER ANATOLIA LIKE THE SUN.”
Ali Rıza Bey’s death in the November of 1893 due to apparent economical inconveniences made it impossible for the remaining family members to live in Salonika. Thus, Zübeyde Hanım went to Rapla farm by Langaza near Salonika where her mother Ayşe Hanım’s stepbrother Hüseyin Ağa was working as the steward. Hüseyin Ağa took good care of Zübeyde Hanım and the children but Mustafa did not want to stay in the farm for a long time.
HIS AMBITION WAS TO GET A GOOD EDUCATION AND BE A GREAT MAN
A decision was made to return to Salonika where Mustafa began to attend a secondary civil servant school. However, things were not fine. One day, he was severely punished by his teacher “Kaymak Hafız Efendi” for he had quarreled with one of his classmates. He was also in a continuous disagreement with one of the other teachers “Copur Hafız Nuri Efendi”. All these events drove him to extreme furiosity and made him quit the school. This event was one of the milestones in his life. He made the decision to choose his real place: the Military.
MILITARY LIFE
It is not possible to think the armed forcess and the nation as seperate. When the nation falled into trouble, the armed forces assisted the state and the nation.
The armed forces always have been one of the foundation stones for the state and the nation in the history of the Turks.
After a short time(1893) Mustafa Kemal enrolled to military middle school, he provided acceptance of himself to his friends and teacher. He was clever, hard working and dignifed. Especially, in the field of Mathematics he was unique. All of his teacher were appreciating him. He had a special positon from view of his Mathematics teacher. Lietunant Commander amazed with his student’s abilities, characher and diligence.
One day, Lietunant Commander teacher Mustafa spoke to Mustafa quoting.
My son, we both have the same name. As, there should be a difference, let your name Mustafa Kemal, from now on. Years later one more name granted to him. The namer this time is high Turkish Nation. His beloved saviour surnamed as ATATÜRK. Mustafa Kemal enrolled Manastır Military senior high school in 1896. He enrois to war academy at Istanbul on 13 March 1899 and while graduating from there on 10 February 1902 he is a glittering lieutanant. While Mustaf Kemal leaving the war academy with a saber which was a rememberance from his father, all the years in backward passed front of his eyes, like 27 May 1938 one Friday night, the memories were passing front of the his eyes which are looking into darkness while he is farewelling Ankara for the last time. With one difference, in first time the shining eyes were looking to future with hope and desire, second time with peace of the human being, who conducted his obligations but in grief. Right now, he was graduating from War Academy by enrolling military in accordance to his desires since his childhood. Now the time has arrived for him. He kissed his mother’s hand and received her blessing. While Mustafa Kemal was in civil servant school, her mother Zübeyde Hanım, married with a person whose name is Ragıp Efendi. In first days Mustafa Kemal could not accept this marrige and went Rukiye Hanım’s house who was his distant relative, leaving mother’s house. His such feelings continue till he determines that his step father is nice and innocent man. The reason of his dissapointment against the her mother probably is because of her mother’s marrige without prior information to himself of great loyality to his father Ali Rıza Bey, maybe waves of rebellion generating from his soul. Whatever the conditions was at that time, in time good relations estabished with his step father. Mustafa Kemal who graduated from War Academy with a very succesful degree, detached to staff officer class. After completing succesfully three year of staff officer education he graduated from Istanbul War Academy on 11 Jan 1905 with o rank of Staff Captain. Same day, he wrote back of the photo following words which he sent to his mother. “DO YOU REMEMBER MOTHER I TOLD YOU TO WAIT AND SHALL BECOME. HERE IS FIRST STEP. Mustafa Kemal” THE SITUATION OF THE COUNTRY When Mustafa Kemal has graduated from the War Academy, the country was in miserable state. Poems of Namık Kemal was circulating like a sad song in elvery patriot’s tongue who loved his country and nation. “Enemy leaned his dagger against the Nations Breast, it is said nobody exist to save his dark fortune” In order to free the country from this situation Mustafa Kemal established an assocation an Damascus named “Country and freedom”. Intended to spread this assocation but, was not able to find and adaquate environment at Damascus. Yafa, Jerusalem, Beirut. In order to spread this assocation he tried to be assigned to the Third Army located at Macedonia. Mustafa Kemal assigned to the Third Army on 30 September 1907 which had the responsibility of Balkans regoin. Major Enver was also in this army and both were meeting and chatting frequently, at Salonika. As much as Mustafa Kemal was bodness and talkative Enver was slient and introvert, as much as Mustafa Kemal is relastic while Enver was in romance. Enver dreams, Mustafa Kemal puts forward solutions and proposals even he make assignments amoungts his friends but these assignments were not result of a fancy mind, result of his plans relevant to future. Sample: In a cold 1908 winter night, in a small coffe-house at Salonika which illuminated with dim lights he was busy making assignments while assigning one of his friends as primeminister and other minister, his one best friends of childhood Nuri (Conker) asked. -Okey Kemal, what you’ll be at that time? The answer was such short and clear which nobody expecting ever. -I’ll be the one assigning you to those slots. 23 July 1908 revolution was clearing the path of leadership for Enver. He promoted within a very short time and awarded with rank of general in 1913. Revolution of 23 July 1908 was a revolution of “Young Turks” and Young Officers. It was a rebellion rather than a revolution. 23 July 1908 revolution, had no effect over the essentials and core of states establishment and system. Ottoman and Sultanade was on protection every one of it’s establishment. Mustafa Kemal’s promotion to general rank of a period involved with merciless struggies and victories gained at Çanakkale, Anafartalar, Dumlupınar, Kocatepe. This maybe was the biggest difference between Enver Pasha and Mustafa Kemal Pasha. This two idealist invidual organised a big resistence movement against Italians at Tripoli in 1911. After Balkan war broke out they returned to Istanbul. When war finished, while Enver Pasha continuing his duty in Army, Mustafa Kemal assigned to Sofia as military attache. He remained there till the first World War began. At the time war begins he applied for a duty in battlefield but not accepted. Later on (2 February 1915) assigned as commander of newly established 19th division located at Tekirdağ. Mustafa Kemal organized his division in a short time and passed to maydos. 15 February 1915 is the date Çanakkale battles begin. Since first days Mustafa Kemal is right inside the battle with the forces he command. The enemy powers who attacks with their full power lost the sea battle on 18 March 1915. But, the Alied forces desire ro reach to Istanbul attempting to test their chance from ground. On 25 April 1915 morning a grief case happens. Ottoman grovernment and their general staff did not think about an offensive Through field which will originate from Aegan sea and Gelibolu direction. Also they are not prepared for such a case. But, Mustafa Kemal estimated that enemy may begin a landing compain from Arıburnu which has a dead location, and moved 57th regiment to Kocaçimen point which under his command. When Mustafa Kemal arrives to Conkbayırı he sees that the soldiers of 27th division are retraiting towards Conkbayırı, he cuts them in front and asks -Where are you going? -Enemy have arrived. -Where? Retreating soldiers point the peak height of 261. As reality enemy was approaching to hill without any barrier at front of them. There were nobody with Mustafa Kemal except two officer and few of retraiting soldiers. His regiment is still at Kocaçimen. Immediately takes over the command and orders. -No way to retreat from enemy. -We do not have ammunition. -You have bayonets which is more powerful tahn ammunition. -Bayonets on attack! Immediate after the voices of ALLAH, ALLAH scatters all over the lowland. Now the heroic Turkish soldier fighting throat to throat. As a result of this struggle amount of time was gained and 57th regiment reached to battle field. At 10 o’clock morning honorable 57th regiment again beings a new raid upon Mustafa Kemal’s following order. “I AM NOT ORDERING TO YOU ATTACK BUT TO DIE. WITHIN THE TIME TILL WE DIE ANOTHER FORCES AND COMMANDERS CAN TAKE OVER OUR PLACE.. AHEAD!” The war was won by Turkish army. But 57th regiment complately martyred. On 1th June 1925 Mustafa Kemal promoted to full Colonel. Despite this defeat. Allied forces landed to Anafartalar 6/7 August evening again. Fierce battles began. Mustafa Kemal who took pver command of newly established Anafartalar Group caoused heavy losses to enemy during the battles on 10 August. He prevented the enemy’s settlement on soil, at Conkbayırı. English forces commander Hamilton writes the following lines in his book named “Gelibolu Battles” “TURKS REALLY FOUGHT BRAVELY WITH SCREAMS OF ALLAH, ALLAH. THERE IS NO WAY TO TELL THIS WAR WITH WORDS” Despite repeated blows, English forces could not pass the defence lines established by honorable Mehmetçik and unique commander Mustafa Kemal and failing to pass through Çanakkale strait. They began to retreat from Çanakkale on 20 December 1915. English author Alan Moorhead describes this retrait in his book named “Gelibolu”as follows. “That young and genius Turkish chief ’s presence over there is the one of most grief blows of history for Allied forces.” At Çanakkale, while we lost 251309 Mehmetçik , British and Anzac forces suffered 205000 while Frenc suffler 47000 losses. Mustafa Kemal, assigned as XVI army’s commander in chief based at Edirne, after he returned to Istanbul upon conclusion of Çanakkale battles. (11 March 1916). After performing this duty for a short time assigned to a new army called II. nd Army upon advance of Russian Army till Erzurum. Mustafa Kemal took cammand of XVI army on 26 March 1916 after his arrivel to Diyarbakır on 16 March 1916. Mustafa Kemal promoted to Rank of General on 1 April 1916. Let’s have look briefly to a matter relevant to this promotion. After Çanakkale victory Mustafa Kemal’s promotion to General rank was considered something sure. But, despite weeks passed, no news came from Istanbul. At last, while Mustafa Kemal’s promotion begin negotiated at headquartes of Union and development session under chairmanship of Talat Pasha, Enver Pasha walks in the room, after realizing the discussion subject he takes out one sheet paper from his pocket and speaks to attendants: “You do not know Mustafa Kemal, he is never satisfied with any rank, becomes a General than he wants to be three star general, than wants to be a four star general. Becomes four star general than he wants to be a field marshall.” In later years, when these discussions were passed to Mustafa Kemal he quoted. “I never thought, Enver could be such clever and future sighted man” Mustafa Kemal promoted to Genaral rank on 1 April 1916, and as commander of XVI corps comes under II. Army he won two big victory against Russians in Muş and Bitlis. Than assigned as deputy commander of II. Army. Here, he had chance to work closely with colonel Ismet (İnönü) bey, whom he knew from the Thesalloniki and Army staff scholl. (23 May 1916) Mustafa Kemal prepared a report relevent to conditions of Army and submitted this to deputy of Commander In Chief of Army and government. The ideas in the report not accepted by Deputy commander Enver Pasha. Due to this event he resigned from his duty and returned to Istanbul. While he was in Istanbul, preparations were going ahead to send heir of thone Vahdettin to Germany in return of German Emperor’s visit to Istanbul. During this, it is decided that Mustafa Kemal should accompany Vahdettin. After return from Germany Mustafa Kemal got sick from his kidney’s. In 1918 months of June and July he was under treatment at Vienna , Karbad. During this V.Mehmet died and prince Vahdettin succeeded him. Mustafa Kemal returned to Istanbul and payed a visit to Sultan Vahdettin 5.08.1918 he found to know closely during Germany visit explaining to him the simuation of country clearly and the required actions and closed his conversation with follo wing words. “Immediately take over the Commander of Chief of Armed Forces. Do not assing an attorney but a chief af Armed forces as principal. Before anything establish your domination and possesorship over the Armed Forces.” Sultan Vahdettin asked: -Are there any other commanders in the Army thinks like you ? -Yes there any Upon this asnwer Vahdettin rolls his eyes right to left. Answers “Let us think about this.” After this meeting Mustafa Kemal talks two more time Sultan Vahdettin but gains no result. After third negotiation, he wrote following to his diary book. “There cross got out under armpit of a man who we knew him as Haji. Now it is time to look for something different but without frighten anybody in as out season.” Following this event, Mustafa Kemal assigned to Syria as commander of VII army on 7 August 1918 by order of Sultan. Is the purpose of this assignment to award Mustafa Kemal or take him away from Istanbul ? The days in ahead would reveal this. Let us point as event Mustafa Kemal lived. Mustafa Kemal, receiving his assigment order, lfts the room. In the hallway some German officers and Balkan wars veterans were chatting. He heard: “These Turkish sorders of no use, They are like flocks of animals. They only know to run away. God may not cause anybody to be commander of such spiritless flock…. Mustafa Kemal approaches to them. Gazez his eyes which are full of flames over these multi star generals with anger than speaks: “Because of that brave Turkish Soldier you are freely walking into this place which into you imitated as animal flock shortly before . What a pitty, that BRAVE TURKISH SOLDIER sacrified his life for you at Arıburnu, Gelibolu, Conkbayırı, Çanakkale. Otherwise today you would be saluting to English and French officers. Turkish soldier will reveal in a short time what he is and you are.” One of the multi star general’s who do not know Mustafa Kemal asks to one of the general nearby to him -Who is this ? -MUSTAFA KEMAL PASHA. Mustafa Kemal immediately lefts Istanbul and after a very troubled trip arrives to Syrian front. Ismet(Inönü) bey and Ali Fuat(Cebesoy) were also here. In order to gain victory these three big commander performed a superhuman action with Turkish soldiers at Syrian front in Damascus, Saria Valley , Aleppo, Riyad. But this time enemy was not consist of only English and French troops. So called Mohammedan Arab sheiks and amir’s were joined to Allien forces. The amir of Hicaz was thristy for Turkish blood. Turkish army was surrounded from all directions and forces to retreat. IV th Army was surrended and complately dispersed. But still, the Army under command of Mustafa Kemal retreated till today’s Syrian border on dates of 25/26 October 1918 without suffering from important losses. The war was almost over. Ottoman Empire signed Armistice of Mondros with severe terms, on 30 October 1918. Same day, Mustafa Kemal took over the command of Thunderbolt Armies Group from Liman Von Sanders at Adana. The mondros armistice signed by Rauf(Orbay) bey, on 30 October 1918 was a document of shame and Disgrace. With this document, statement of reasons had been prepared to submit Anatolia which is under Turkish regin for hundred years, to French, English, Italians and Greks. Also, this armistice, caused Mustafa Kemal’s born like a sun from Samsun to asve his country and nation. As a man who do not run by conditions but shapes the conditions Mustafa Kemal will never accept this armistise which is full of unclear statements. After defeat of Ottoman Empire, and execuation of Mondros armistise, various minorities inside the Ottoman soil raised against empire. The people consistof Christans and Islams living together since hundred years peasefully became enemies of each other. The Pontus Greeks settled in Karadeniz region began to action to establish their state which demolished by Fatih Sultan Mehmet. They organised rebel groups and began to attack Turkish villages threating Turkish residents life and possession. While the fact was this, the high comission of English army was telling that the life of Christans are under threat in Karadeniz region and troops may sent and region should be invaded. To investigate the English accusations it was decided to send person there in order to investigate how true are English allegations and take counter measures. For this duty, MUstafa Kemal Pasha sent to SAMSUN as IX th army inspector whose political past was clear and not involved with “Ittihat” movement. While passing from Haydarpasa to across side when he arrived to Istanbul on 13 November 1918 his ship have to pass through Allied forces navy, and told his aide-de-camp Cevat Abbas “They’ll go back like the way they came” and while he is in Istanbul, performed every possible effort to put this idea into live. But, while time passes, he saw that there was no way to save country from Istanbul. He was searchin the chances step to Anatolia. When duty of IX Army Inspector offered to him, did not hesitate. 16 May 1919 day, when he landed Samsun on 19 May 1919 in twillight the plan of how his Nation will be liberated was ready in his mind. While advancing on waters of Bosphours on board worn out Bandırma vessel with few of his patriotic friends Mustafa Kemal quoted while he was looking with sorrow to the enemy warships directed their guns to Dolmabahce place. “THAT IS IT, THEY ONLY LEAN TO POWER OF WEAPON, STEEL AND IRON. THE ONLY THING THEY KNOW IS MATERIAL. THEY CAN NOT UNDERSTAND THE POWER OF ONES WHO ARE DETERMINED TO DIE FOR LIBERTY. WE ARE NOT CARRYING TO ANATOLIA NEITHER WEAPON NOR AMMUNITON. WE ARE CARRYING IDEAL AND FAITH.” LANDING TO SAMSUN Mustafa Kemal Pasha who stopped on hazy morning of 19 May 1919 at 7:00 passes his comments relevant to that date in “Speech” as follows; I landed at Samsun on the 19 May 1919. this was the situation. “The group of Powers which included the Ottman Government had been defated. The Ottaman Army had been crushed on every front. An Armistice had been signed under severe conditions. The prolongation of the Great War had left the people exhausted and impoverished. Those who had driven the people and the country into the World War had fied and now cared for nothing but their own safety. Vahdettin, the degenerate occupant of the throne and the Caliphate, was seeking for some despicable way to save his person and his throne, the only objects of his anxiety. The cabinet of which Damat Ferit Pasha was the head, was weak and lacked dignity and courage. It was subservient to the will of the Sultan alone and agreed to every proposal that could protect its members and their sovereing. The army had been deprived of their arms and ammuition, and this state of affairs continued. The Entente Powers did not condiser it necessary to recpect the terms of the armistice. On various pretexts, their meof-war and troops remained at Istanbul. The Vilayet of Adana was occupied by the French, Urfa, Maraş, Antep by the English. In Antalya and Konya were the Itallians, whilst at Merzifon and Samsun were English troops. Foreign officiers and officials and their special agents were very active every where. At last, on the 14th May, that is to say, four days before the following account of events begins, the Greek Army, with the consent of the Entente Powers had landed at IZMIR. Christian elements were also at work all over the country, either openly or in secret trying to realize their own particular ambitions and therebly hasten the breakdown of the State. Mustafa Kemal was contuining in his speech quoting. Morally and materially, the enemy Powers were openly attacking the Ottoman Empire and the country itself. they were determined to disintegrate and annihilite both. The Padisah-Caliph had one sole anxiety-namely to save his own life and comfort. The members of the government had the same feeling. Without being aware of it, the nation had no longer any one to lead it, but lived in darkness and uncertainly, waiting to see what would happen. Those who began undestand clearly the terrors and extent of the catastrophe were seeking some means wherebly to save the country, each guided by the circumstances that surrounded him and the sentiments that inspired him. The Army existed merely in name. The Commanders and other officers were still suffering from the exhaustion resulting from the war. Their hearts were bleeding on account of the threatened dismemberment of their country. Standing on the brink of the dark abyss which gawned before their eyes, they racked their brains to discover a way out of the danger. Here I must add and explain a very important point. The Nation nd the Army had no suspicion at all of the Padisah-Caliph’s treachery. On the Contrary, on account of religious and traditional ties handed down for centuries they remained loyal to the throne and it’s occupant. Seeking for means of salvation under the influence of this tradition, the security of the Caliphate and Sultanate concerned them far more than their own safety. That the country could possibly be saved without a Caliph and without a Padisah was an idea too impossible for them to comprehend. And woe to those who ventured to think otherwise! They would immediately have been loked down upon as men without faith and without patriotism and such would hab,ve been scorned. I must mention another point here. In seeking ways to save the situation it was considered to be specially important to avoid irritating the Great Powers-England, France and Italy. The idea that it was impossible to fight even one these Powers had taken root in the mind of nearly everbody. Consuquently, to think of doing so and thus bring on another war after the Ottoman Empire, all-powerful Germany and Austria-Hungary together had been defeated and crushed would have been looked upon as sheer madness. Not only the mass of the people thought in his strain, but those also who must be regarded as their chosen leaders shared the same opinion. Therefore, two basis would not be in consideration while seaching a path for salvation, first will be no hostile attitude agains allied forces and second to be royal to Padisah and caliphate diligently will be a basic term. Now, Gentlemen I will ask ask you what desicion could have been arrived, at under such circumstances for salvation. Whose existence was it essential to save ? And with whose help ? And how. Therefore, what could be a serious and correct resolution ? IN THESE CIRRUMSTANCES, ONE RESOLUTION ALONE WAS POSSIBLE, NAMELY ,TO CREATE. NEW TURKISH STATE, THE SOVEREIGNITY AND INDEPENDENCE OF WHICH WOULD BE UNRESERVEDLY RECOGNISED. This was the resolution we adopted before we left Istanbul and which we began to put into execution immediately after we set foot on Anatolia soil at Samsun. These were the most logical and most powerful arguments in support of his resolution. The main point was that, the Turkish nation should live in honour and dignity. Such a condition could only be attained by coplete independence . NO MATTER HOW WEALTHY AND PROSPEROUS A NATION IS , IF IT IS DEPRIVED OF ITS INDEPENDENCE IT NO LONGER IT NO LONGER DESERVES TO REGARDED OTHERWISW THAN AS A SLAVE IN THE EYES OF CIVILISED WORLD. To accept the protectorate of a foreign power is to admit lack of all human qualities, weakness and incipacity. Indeed, it is impossible to envisage people who have not been humilated willingiy accept a foreign master. BUT THE TURKISH BOTH DIGNIFIED AND PROUD; HE IS ALSO CAPABLE AND TALENTED. SUCH A NATION WOULD PREFER TO PERISH RATHER THAN SUBJECT IYSELF TI THE LIFE OF A SLAVE. THEREFORE, INDEPENDENCE OR DEATH ! This was the rallying cry of all those who honestly desired to save their country. Let us suppose for a moment that in trying to accomplish this we had failed. What would have been the result ? Slavery ! In that case, would not the consequence have been same if we had submitted to the other proposals ? Mustafa Kemal quoted in his speech following ; But with this difference, that a nation that defies death in its struggle for indepence, drives comfort from the thought that it had resolved to make every sacrifice compatible with human dignity. There is no doubt, whatever that in the eyes of both friend and foe throughout the world its position is more respected than would be that of a craven and degraded nation capable of surrendering itself to the yoke of slavery. Moreover, to labor for the maintenance of the Ottoman dynasty and its sovereign would have been to inflict the greatest harm upon the Turkish nation, for it is independence could have been secured at the price of every possible sacrifice, it could not have been regarded as secure so long as the Sultanate existed. How could it be deemed permissable that a crowd of madmen, united by neither a moral nor a spiritual bond to the country or the nation as a whole could still be trusted, to protect the independence and the dignity of the nation and State ? As for the Caliphate, it could only have been a laughing-stock in the eyes of the civilised world, enjoying the blessings of science. As a result Mustafa Kemal was telling that. As you see in order to carry out our resolution, questions had to be dealt with the nation had hitherto known practically nothing. It was imperative that questions which were considered dangerous to discuss publicly be discussed openly. We were compelled to rebel against the Ottoman Goverment against the Padişah, against the Caliph of all the Mohammedans, and we had to bring the whole nation and army into state of rebellion. Mustafa Kemal who landed to Samsun on 19 May 1919, arrives to havza on 25 May 1919 continuing to work till 12 June, same day passed to Amasya and on 21 June 1919 “Amasya circular”had been signed. But, the works Mustafa Kemal Pasha performing for nation and country deteeted by Istanbul and efforts not pleased Istanbul government and English forces. Mustafa Kemal Pasha arrived to Sivas on 27 June 1919 and welcomed with compassion and enthusiasm. Same time, Malatyagoverner Ali Galip who came to Sivas ordered Mustafa Kemal’s arrest in accordance with the instructions recevied from Istanbul. But the majority of the meeters were the soldiers who fought at Arıburnu, Anafartalar, Çanakkale under wounded an than discharged, command of Mustafa Kemal. Was it possible to arrest Mustafa Kemal while he was amoungst these patriots?
1. Republicanism
2. Nationalism
3. Populism
4. State Control
5. Secularism
6. Progressivism
In contemporary terms, these can be classified as:
1. Individual freedom and national sovereignty
2. Accepting guidance of science and wisdom for all activities of state
Atatürk quoted this as ” My Heritage”
It shouldn’t be forgotten that the basis of all progressivism included in the Republic regime is the ‘Principle of Secularism.’ As usual there is no basis to talk about Republicanism amongst a society ruled by traditions as well as progressivism and secularism.
REPUBLICANISM
In western languages this term is used to define the rule of a nation by itself. The following two points are really important in Republican regimes.
a) The Rulers
b) The Ruled
The main point is that both of these groups must have honesty. In a republican regime, honesty is of crucial importance for both sides, and the relations of both sides with each other is very important. In this way, the republic will defend itself against interior and exterior dangers with tight measures limited with the principles of the republican regime. This frame must not be overrun. Otherwise a gap between the republic and the nation will occur. The biggest sufferer in this case will be the Republic itself. For this reason a republican regime has to be smart at all times. Freedom and its applications are limited with the rules of democracy in the countries that adopt this system. Nobody has unlimited rights in republics ruled by democracy. The regimes ruled with non-limited rights and laws cannot be classified as democracy or Republic. In democracy and democratic republican rights of the public and individual freedoms are limited with laws and their borders are marked with justice.
After all these explanations let’s have a look at Atatürk’s understandings of the Republic and State. The points that Atatürk mentioned about the republic about three quarters of a century ago are still the targets in some western countries. Atatürk was not only a well-informed soldier and a future-sighted statesman but also a real thinker. He not only generated ideas but also realized them showing the path of salvation and independence to Third World countries. Had he not placed his ideas on a scientific basis would they still remain contemporary after so many years? If the name of Atatürk circulates in many countries seeking liberty the reason must be searched for.
How did Atatürk prepare the infra-structure of the republic which was proclaimed on October 29, 1923?
The Republic should be based on secular principles. There was no room for Caliphate or its remains, and the new state of Republic should be protected by a just law system. The young generation of the republic would be trained by the broad-minded instructors who were aware of the value of independence and freedom but not by the dark-minded people expelled from the borders.
Everything remaining from empire era out of logic would be demolished and foundations of the republic would be based on positive sciences. Atatürk was aware of the fact that the republic could not proceed only by austerity measures, and the events that took place later confirmed how future-sighted Atatürk was. Atatürk, who pointed out that a population without knowledge and consciousness may not have the right to be a nation, calculated that a nation would possess rights and laws in a ratio based on the level of his consciousness.That is why he cherished culture and training, and defined that culture was the basic essential of a republic. according to Atatürk, it is not enough to protect a republic. It must be deserved! Education is the key element for this. The young generations given a contemporary education may calculate the value of this necessity. For this reason victories achieved by means of sword must be replaced with cultural victories.
NATIONALISM
Turkish people were changed to a nation from being a religious community by Atatürk. Atatürk’s confidence in the Nation was unlimited. He defended the idea that every revolution would be achieved with the Nation but not despite the Nation. His belief was that every novelty would exist eternally only if it adapted by the Nation. He kept repeating that whoever identified himself as a “Turk” within the boundaries of the country represented the “Turkish Nation” and that the Nation would be called so.
SOVEREIGNITY WILL UNCONDITIONALLY BELONG TO THE NATION
No power, external or internal strength would be able to confiscate this from the hands of the Nation. The nation would be educated to sacrifice their lives when necessary.
POPULISM
Based on a society without class!
STATE CONTROL
This term was cleared by Ataturk as follows: “The state rule which we follow is based on individual diligence and efforts but at the same time on the subjects relevantly tied up to high and public advantages of the nation. Especially in economic fields practically state should be involved to overview economic measures. These two terms of Populism and State Control equals today’s terminology of Social Justiceand State which are terms many of today’s modern democracies are based on.
SECULARISM
The term defined as the seperation of religious affairs and state work is a non-reversible point of Turkish revolution and the requirements of being a democracy. After this brief definition, let’s point out to Atatürk’s ideas relevant to religion and science. His ideas about religion were not too different from a noble and sincere member of the religious organisation. He was never an opponent of religion. He believed that religion was necessary for the public but he was against the replacement of law, logic, mentality with religion. He was opposed to merchants of religion, fundamentalists and those who wanted to rule the public with superstitions. Religion was a holy concept to be kept in the one’s conscience. Setting off with these ideas,
on January 31, 1923 he said the following:
“Our religion is a most natural and logical one and it is for this reason that it is the last of religions. In order for a religion to be natural it must co-exist with science, knowledge and logic. Our religion completely complies with these prerequisites. Above, we defined that secularity is the seperation of State and religious affairs but this does not mean that everybody can do everything about religion without the interference of the State. Moreover, State power may be used for any belief system. In this case the freedom of conscience will be obliterated for believers and non-believers.”
Atatürk was aware of the very big problems to be eliminated in order to flee from being an undeveloped society. For him, every contemporary attempt had to include the principle of secularism. Sultanate, caliphate, sharia, religious education and capitulations had to be obliterated. The ideas people create relevant to themselves and their environment are partially in the form of BELİEF and partially KNOWLEDGE.
PROGRESSIVISM
According to Atatürk’s idea of progressivism it is necessary to walk on a path illuminated with the light of science.
ATATURK’s Address to the Youth
Turkish Youth!
Your first duty is to forever preserve and defend Turkish Independence and Turkish Republic.
This is the very foundation of your existence and your future. This foundation is your most precious treasure. In the future, too, there may be malevolent people at home and abroad, who will wish to deprive you of this treasure. If some day you are compelled to defend your independence and your Republic, you will not think about the possibilities and circumstances of the situation you are in. These possibilities and circumstances may be extremely unfavorable. The enemies conspiring against your independence and your Republic may have behind them a victory unprecedented in the annals of the world. It may be that, by violence and ruse, all the fortresses of your beloved fatherland may have been captured, all its shipyards occupied, all its armies dispersed and every corner of the country invaded. And sadder and graver than all these circumstances, those who are in power within the country may be in error or misguide and they may even be traitors. Furthermore, they may identify personal interests with the political designs of the invaders. The country may be impoverished, ruined and exhausted .
Youth of Türkiye’s future!
Even in such circumstances, it is your duty to save Turkish Independence and Republic.
You will find the strength you need in your noble blood.
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Ankara, October 20, 1927
Ed.Gürkan GERGİN
Teaching Grammar in Situational Contexts
Situation or Context Points of Grammar
Follow a recipe or instructions from a boxed cake mix to bake a cake. Imperative verb form
Present continuous tense
Give directions to another person to get to a store, the post office, or a bank using a map. Present tense
Non-referential it
Discuss plans for a class field trip to the zoo. Future tense
If-clauses
Conditional tense
Describe a past vacation, weekend, etc.
Simple past tense
Question formation
Forms of verb to do
Word order in negation
Role play a shopping trip to buy a gift for a family member or friend. May, might
Collective nouns and quantifiers (any, some, several, etc.)
Indirect object
Answer information questions: Name, address, phone number, etc. Present tense of verb to be
Possessive adjectives
Tell someone how to find an object in your kitchen. Locative prepositions
Modal verbs (can, may, should)
Fill out a medical history form. Then role play a medical interview on a visit with a new doctor. Present perfect tense
Present perfect progressive
Make a daily weather report Non-referential it
Forms of verb to be
Idiomatic expressions
Report daily schedules of people (in the class, buses in the city, airline schedules, trains, etc.) Habitual present
Personal pronouns
Demonstrative adjectives
Extend an invitation over the telephone to someone to come to a party Would like…Object-Verb word order
Interrogative pronouns
Explain rules and regulations to someone, i.e. rules for the school cafeteria; doctor’s instructions to a sick patient Modal verbs: Can, must, should, ought to
Adverbs of time & frequency
Report a historical or actual past event and discuss conditions under which a different outcome might have resulted Past conditional and past perfect tenses
If clauses
React to the burglary of your house or apartment in the presence of another person upon discovery (active voice) and in making a police report (passive voice) Present perfect tense
Contrast between active and passive voice
Direct and indirect object
USEFUL LINKS
ALL THE SUPPORT YOU NEED…..
• www.longman-elt.com
• www.longmanwebdict.com
• www.penguinreaders.com
• www.pingu-longman.com
• www.longman-elt.com/Snapshot
• www.longman-elt.com/cuttingedge
• www.longman.com/sidebyside
• www.longman-elt.com/gold
• www.penguinenglish.com
• longman.turkey@pearsoned-ema.com
• longman.antalya@pearsoned-ema.com
• longmanant@superonline.com
• ukavraal@usa.net
GATEWAY SITES AND RESOURCES:
• BBC World Service: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish
Learning English
• CELIA: http://latrobe.edu.au/www/education/celia/celia.html
• The Comenius Group: http://www.comenius.com
• Dave Sperling’s ESL Cafe: http://www.eslcafe.com
• Dictionary.com: http://www.dictionary.com
• Digital Education Center: http://www.edunet.com
• ERIC Database: http://ericie.syr.edu
• ESL Homepage: http://deil.lang.uiuc.edu
• Frizzy University Network: http://thecity.sfsu.edu/~funweb
• The Global Schoolhouse: http://www.gsh.org
• HUT – Ruth Vilmi: http://www.hut.fi/~rvilmi
• IATEFL Electronic Job Shop: http://www.jobs.edunet.com/iatefl
• Linguistic Funland: http://www.linguistic-funland.conm
• My Virtual Reference Desk: http://www.refdesk.com
• NLP Information: http://www.nlpinfo.com
• Plumb Design Visual Thesaurus: http://www.plumbdesign.com/thesaurus
• Volterre: http://www.wfi.fr/volterre
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS:
• IATEFL: http://www.iatefl.org
• JALT: http://www.jalt.org
• TESOL: http://www.tesol.edu
JOURNALS AND NEWSLETTERS ONLINE:
• ELT News & Views: http://www.eltnewsandviews.com.ar
• Internet TESL Journal: http://www.aitech.ac.jp/~iteslj
• JALT CALL: http://jaltcall.org/cjo
• The Language Teacher Online: http://langue.hyper.chubu.ac.jp/jalt/pub/tlt
• TESL-EJ: http://www.writing.berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ
• TESOL Journal/Quarterly: http://www.ncbe.gwu.edu/miscpubs/tesol
• TESOL Matters: http://www.tesol.edu/pubss/magz/tmcurrent.html
MOOs:
• Connections MOO: http://web.new.ufl.edu/~tari/connections
• SchMOOze University: http://schmooze.hunter.cuny.edu:8888
SITES WITH POTENTIAL FOR LANGUAGE ACTIVITIES
• IT’s Magazine online: http://ist-online.com
• Jeopardy one of many games http://station.sony.com/jeopardy
that may help practice
question forms
• Teen Advice online http://www.teenadvice.org
SITES WITH POTENTIAL FOR READING ACTIVITIES
• Alexandria Digital: http://www.alexit.com
• CraYon:Create your own newspaper: http://crayon.net
• Electronic newsstand:Directory of magazines: http://www.enews.com
• The case weekly lesson plans: http://thecase.com
• Yahoo! Headlines :today’s news: http://headlines.yahooo.com
SITES WITH POTENTIAL SPEAKING ACTIVITIES
• Learn2.com:FYI site online tutorials: http://www.learn2.com
• Web museum: http://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/wm/
SITES WITH POTENTIAL WRITING ACTIVITIES
• Classroom Connect: http://www.classroom.com
• Electronic postcards http://www.corbis.com
• The online writing lab: http://owl.wsu.edu
• Reviews of Internet: http://hut.fi/-rvilmi
SITES WITH POTENTIAL LISTENING ACTIVITIES
• The Academy Awards: http://www.oscar.com
• BBC:News channel site: http://www.bbc.co.uk
• CNN.News channel site: http://www.cnn.com
• The International Lyrics Server: http://www.lyrics.ch
• Timecast:listing of live Real player: http://timecast.com
